The northeast region has a semi-arid climate and low vegetation, the "setão" or "Caatinga" and suffers from long droughts and lack of rain. The region also comprises a vast region of swamps, the swampland which also carries some characteristics of the cerrado. The central west region concentrates the biomes of the "cerrado", which consists of lowland plains and is popularly referred to as the Brazilian savannah. The climate is humid and hot with torrential rains being routine.
The northern region has the Amazon biome and is where the Amazon rainforest is located, it is also the region that contains the largest species biodiversity in the world. The country is divided into 5 regions: north, northeast, central west, southeast and south. Its size, relief, climate and natural resources make Brazil a geographically diverse country. The country shares a common border with all South American countries, except Ecuador and Chile (not counting native groups). The country occupies a vast area along the east coast of South America and includes much of the interior of the continent, sharing land borders with Uruguay to the south, Argentina and Paraguay to the southwest Bolivia and Peru to the west Colombia to the northwest and Venezuela, and colonies such as English Suriname, Dutch Guiana and French Guiana to the north. The Brazilian territory is crossed by the Equator Line, which passes through the mouth of the Amazon, and the Tropic of Capricorn, which cuts through the province of São Paulo. 1.2 Independence and first reign 1822-1831.1.1 discovery and colonization 1498-1822.
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